Non si sa con precisione quando l’Ordine del Tempio si insediò in Italia. Gli storici sono discordi: chi ritiene quale primo insediamento italiano Messina nel 1131, chi S. Maria dell’Aventino in Rome in 1138, who S. Maria Temple in Milan in 1134.
However, we can say that around 1130 started the expansion of the Order in our country.
True to their vow to protect pilgrims and the holy sites, preceptors and the Templars built mansions along the medieval route most frequented by pilgrims and by the armies of the Crusades transiting through Italy and reached the ship to the Holy Land.
We find, therefore, on the great Roman consular roads, then still in use: Francigena Romea or with its branches, which reached France Rome, tracing parts of the Cassia, Emilia, etc. The coast Aurelia, who also arrived in Rome the Ongaresca, which in some places exploited the Claudia Augusta and the roads of the Norian, the Appia, which led cross-important port of Brindisi. Worth a special mention to the Postojna, both for the high number of settlements on it Treasure room, both for its important feature, that of being the only road that crosses northern Italy from west to east, allowed to reach ports of embarkation, and to continue the journey by land along the Balkan Peninsula to Jerusalem.
The Order Italian territory was divided into two provinces Templar: Italy (more often called simply New York), which comprised the northern and central regions of Sardinia and Puglia, which included the southern regions and Sicily.
Each province had a teacher, from which depended several preceptors of Templar houses. Some tutor were veritable fortresses. In this case the tutor had the title of captain and below him were active not only sergeants and knights templar, knights, but also lay auxiliaries. In several cases, the Templars were appointed by the pope, or by civilian authorities, under the command of fortresses. The castle of Monte Cocozzone near Civitavecchia, fu comandato per circa vent’anni da frate Paolo della Milizia del Tempio.
L’importanza delle case italiane era legata soprattutto a due fattori: la posizione geografica rispetto alle terre crociate e la presenza del papa sul territorio nazionale.
La posizione geografica della penisola italiana era quanto mai invidiabile, tenendo conto in primo luogo dei molti porti e, come già accennato, del notevole sviluppo della viabilità, che consentiva di limitare al minimo il pericoloso tragitto via mare.
La vicinanza della Sede Apostolica favoriva l’Ordine, che beneficiava di donazioni e di privilegi; inoltre, la stima e la considerazione del pontefice davano lustro e potere ai Templari. Essi avevano notevoli insediamenti nei porti di Venezia, Genova, Pisa, Brindisi, Messina, Civitavecchia, eccetera. Altre sedi prestigiose erano quelle situate in zone strategicamente importanti (Asti, Milano, Treviso, Verona, Moncalieri, Osimo), o poste su grossi incroci stradali (Bologna, Piacenza, Perugia, Matera, Potenza).
Santa Maria dell’Aventino in Roma, data la sua vicinanza alla sede papale, era il centro strategico-politico dell Ordine in Italia, sebbene alcuni storici siano più propensi a considerare di maggiore importanza il complesso templare di Bologna, dove si svolsero numerosi capitoli italiani. Come nel resto d’Europa, anche da noi i Templari erano suddivisi in: cavalieri (nobili), fratelli d’arme o sergenti (liberi), fratelli di mestiere o serventi (liberi o affrancati) e cappellani. Gli schiavi facevano parte del bottino di guerra, ma venivano impiegati nel solo Regno di Gerusalemme e nella penisola iberica.
Ogni precettoria o magione era amministrata in modo da essere, non solo autosufficiente, ma tale da produrre un soprappiù in derrate alimentari, denaro e bestiame da mandare ai fratelli combattenti.
Il reclutamento della milizia templare (combattenti e non) era in genere locale, although some elements were often sent, as needed, in other tutor or in other provinces. In the Kingdom of Sicily there were many French knights, especially in positions of responsibility. The same Guillaume de Beaujeu, before becoming Grand Master of the Order, had been tutor to the southern regions. The Templars Italians, in the two centuries of the Order (1119-1312), play important roles in both ecclesiastical and political. Dignitaries were prestigious assignments to the Holy See. Were "cubiculari", "porters," all duties of trust relating to the person of the pope, the Holy See's ambassadors from other foreign powers, the guardians of truces, debt collectors per conto del papato della decima saladina (la tassa della crociata) e delle altre decime ecclesiastiche.
Anche i nobili feudatari e le libere repubbliche marinare si servirono di templari come ambasciatori, tesorieri, depositari di ingenti somme di denaro, di preziosi e perfino di sacre reliquie. Molto spesso erano chiamati come garanti nell’esecuzione di lasciti testamentari. I Templari italiani instaurarono ottimi rapporti con i liberi comuni del settentrione, tanto da essere chiamati a ricoprire cariche pubbliche, quali podestà e consiglieri comunali. Si cita, come esempio, fra’ Rolando Bergognino, precettore delle case del Tempio di S. Egidio di Testona (poi Moncalieri), di S. Martino della Gorra, S. S. Margherita di Torino and Leonardo di Chieri, who was elected mayor of the town of Savigliano (Cuneo).
the settlements of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and from contact with more advanced civilizations, such as Arabic and Persian, the Templars took their European homes in the new knowledge and a willingness to deal with people of different cultures and religions . The complexity of their financial operations and the expansion of mining activities, unusual at that time, we suggest that use both the mathematics and chemistry, he learned from the Arabs. In this regard it should be noted that, in all likelihood, the Order began the exploitation of the alum mines in the mountains of Tolfa, Italy. Even Metalliferous Hills, Tuscany, please note the existence of the templar house of Frost at Montesiepi.
The influence of geometric designs of the Arab mosques is clearly visible in the frescoes of the church of S. Templar Bevignate, in Perugia, and in some parts of the church portico of the Temple of Ormeau Oderzo.
The Templars contributed to the maintenance of roads and bridges with their fleet and gave impetus to the trade and seafaring. Much of the Order of the vessels in service on the routes of the South Adriatic, wintering in the Port Brindisi, where they were calatafate and remittances in the sixth to put to sea with convoys of spring. In the northern Adriatic fleet templar exploited the ports of the Republic of Venice.
For those who were placed under their protection, the Order of the Temple was a guarantee of security and justice, and its shelter they prospered. When the persecution fell on its members, in 1308, although the Italian bishops were ordered by the Pope to investigate inquisitorial process, but few were the arrests.
In Italy there are documents of the interrogations that took place in the spring of 1310 in the Church (Viterbo, Penne, Chieti, Palombara Sabina) and the kingdom of Sicily (Brindisi).
The process was more remarkable than the Inquisitor chaired by Rinaldo Concorezzo, archbishop of Ravenna, in 1311, who examined several knights of the preceptor of Bologna and Piacenza, treating them with justice and fairness and performance results for all innocent . This was the only process which in Italy was not used torture. A time ignoring the criticism and pressure from the pope, Rinaldo was adamant, and his voice was the only church that dared to challenge Clement V, who was fulfilling an order, as long as he lived, the bulwark of Christianity and the Papacy.
The Pope, not satisfied with the Italian process, claims new interrogation, requiring the archbishops interrogators using torture. Rinaldo da Concorezzo refused again, but the inquisitors of Tuscany accepted. In this new trial, held in Florence and Lucca in 1312, the Templars confessed under torture every sin held against them in the 127 articles of impeachment.
From "Guide to Italy of the Templars"
B. Capone, L. Imperio, E. Valentini
Ohara
B. Capone, L. Imperio, E. Valentini
Ohara
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